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ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells （BMSCs） co-cultured with bone marrow-derived M2 macrophages （M2-BMDMs）， named as BMSCM2， on a rat model of liver cirrhosis induced by carbon tetrachloride （CCl4）/2-acetaminofluorene （2-AAF）. MethodsRat BMDMs were isolated and polarized into M2 phenotype， and rat BMSCs were isolated and co-cultured with M2-BMDMs at the third generation to obtain BMSCM2. The rats were given subcutaneous injection of CCl4 for 6 weeks to establish a model of liver cirrhosis， and then they were randomly divided into model group （M group）， BMSC group， and BMSCM2 group， with 6 rats in each group. A normal group （N group） with 6 rats was also established. Since week 7， the model rats were given 2-AAF by gavage in addition to the subcutaneous injection of CCl4. Samples were collected at the end of week 10 to observe liver function， liver histopathology， and hydroxyproline （Hyp） content in liver tissue， as well as changes in the markers for hepatic stellate cells， hepatic progenitor cells， cholangiocytes， and hepatocytes. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data between multiple groups， and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups. ResultsCompared with the N group， the M group had significant increases in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST） （P<0.01）； compared with the M group， the BMSC and BMSCM2 groups had significant reductions in ALT and AST （P<0.01）， and the BMSCM2 group had significantly better activities than the BMSC group （P<0.05）. Compared with the N group， the M group had significant increases in Hyp content and the mRNA and protein expression levels of alpha-smooth muscle actin （α-SMA） in the liver （P<0.01）； compared with the M group， the BMSC and BMSCM2 groups had significant reductions in Hyp content and the expression of α-SMA （P<0.05）， and the BMSCM2 group had a significantly lower level of α-SMA than the BMSC group （P<0.01）. Compared with the N group， the M group had significant increases in the mRNA expression levels of the hepatic progenitor cell markers EpCam and Sox9 and the cholangiocyte markers CK7 and CK19 （P<0.01） and significant reductions in the expression levels of the hepatocyte markers HNF-4α and Alb （P<0.01）； compared with the M group， the BMSC and BMSCM2 groups had significant reductions in the mRNA expression levels of EpCam， Sox9， CK7， and CK19 （P<0.05） and significant increases in the mRNA expression levels of HNF-4α and Alb （P<0.05）， and compared with the BMSC group， the BMSCM2 group had significant reductions in the mRNA expression levels of EpCam and CK19 （P<0.05） and significant increase in the expression level of HNF-4α （P<0.05）. ConclusionM2-BMDMs can enhance the therapeutic effect of BMSCs on CCl4/2-AAF-induced liver cirrhosis in rats， which provides new ideas for further improving the therapeutic effect of BMSCs on liver cirrhosis.
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In order to increase the ability of oil-emulsion adjuvant to stimulate cellular immunity, chitosan hydrochloride with positive charge was selected to stabilize oil-in-water emulsion (CHE). In this paper, model antigen ovalbumin was selected to prepare vaccines with emulsion adjuvant, commercial adjuvant or no adjuvant. The emulsion was characterized by measuring the particle size, electric potential and antigen adsorption rate. BALB/c mice were immunized by intramuscular injection. Serum antibody levels, the numbers of IL-4-secreting cells in splenocytes, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response, and the expression of central memory T cells were measured to evaluate the immunostimulatory effect. The results showed that chitosan hydrochloride can effectively stabilize the emulsion. The emulsion size is about 600 nm, and the antigen adsorption rate is more than 90%. After immunization, CHE could increase serum antibodies levels and increase IL-4 secretion. Expression of CTL surface activation molecules was also increased to stimulate CTL response further and to increase the CD44+CD62L+ in T cells proportion. CHE as adjuvant can stimulate humoral and cellular immunity more efficiently, and is expected to extend the duration of protection.
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Animals , Mice , Chitosan , Interleukin-4 , Emulsions , Immunization , Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology , Antigens , Mice, Inbred BALB CABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the effects of intermittent oral-esophageal tube feeding (IOE) on cerebral hemorrhage (CH) survivors receiving a tracheotomy.Methods:A total of 126 CH patients undergoing tracheotomy were randomly divided into an IOE group ( n=65) and a nasogastric tube feeding (NGT) group ( n=61). The feeding continued for 4 weeks along with medication and thorough rehabilitation interventions (including hemiplegic limb training, swallowing training, and pulmonary function training). Before and after the treatment, the body mass index, hemoglobin, albumin, proalbumin, creatinine height index, extubation rate and intubation time of the tracheotomy, as well as the incidence of complications were evaluated for both groups. Both groups were also assessed using the clinical pulmonary infection scale (CPIS) and National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS). Results:After the 4 weeks the nutrition indexes, average extubation rate (90.76%) and intubation time [(15.96±3.86)d], CPIS score (3.00±1.69), NIHSS score (11.86±4.08) and the overall incidence of complications in the IOE group were all significantly better than the NGT group′s averages.Conclusions:Where feasible, intermittent oro-esophageal tube feeding is superior to nasogastric tube feeding of cerebral hemorrhage patients undergoing tracheotomy. It reduces the risk of pulmonary infection and other complications, resulting in early removal of the tracheotomy cannula and quicker recovery.
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Prosthodontics is an important undergraduate course in stomatology. It's an unprecedented challenge for teachers to give theoretical lectures completely by online teaching methods. After several months of online teaching practice, a complete closed-loop online teaching mode of "pre-class, in-class and after-class" has been formed by using online teaching tools such as Tencent meeting, Superstar learning platform and WeChat. A comprehensive feedback and assessment mechanism has also been established. On the premise of the teaching quality, online teaching has also promoted the exploration and reform of the information-based teaching of prosthodontics course.
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Objective:To investigate the antigen-sparing effects of crude polysaccharides from Cistanche deserticola Y. C.Ma (CPCD) for influenza virus vaccine (IVV). Methods:ICR mice were immunized subcutaneously with CPCD combined with different doses of IVV (0.01 μg and 0.1 μg). Hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) assay was used to detect HI titers in serum samples. Indirect ELISA was performed to detect the levels of specific IgG antibodies and their subtypes in serum samples. The proliferation of splenic lymphocytes was detected by MTT assay. The percentages of CD4 + , CD8 + and CD44 + T cells and the levels of IFN-γ in splenic cells isolated from the vaccinated mice were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results:CPCD significantly increased HI titers (234.67±47.70 vs 149.33±47.70, P<0.05), promoted the production of IgG ( A450 value: 1.16±0.63 vs 0.30±0.21, P<0.05) and IgG1 ( A450 value: 1.09±0.60 vs 0.26±0.21, P<0.05) and enhanced splenic lymphocyte proliferation ( P<0.05). CPCD also significantly up-regulated the expression of CD4 + [(41.97±4.58)% vs (25.43±1.48)%, P<0.05], CD8 + [(12.67±0.33)% vs (9.02±1.07)%, P<0.05], CD4 + CD44 + [(11.77±0.69)% vs (8.64±0.71)%, P<0.05] and CD8 + CD44 + [(6.70±0.67)% vs (4.66±0.39)%, P<0.05] T cell subsets as well as the secretion of IFN-γ in CD4 + [(1.36±0.07)% vs (0.87±0.06)%, P<0.05] and CD8 + [(2.09±0.20)% vs (1.42±0.08)%, P<0.05] T cells. In addition, there was no significant difference between CPCD combined with low-dose IVV group and high-dose IVV alone group ( P>0.05), implying a 10-fold antigen sparing. Conclusions:CPCD, as an adjuvant for influenza virus vaccine, could enhance humoral and cellular immune responses and reduce antigen dose, which might be a potential adjuvant for seasonal or pandemic influenza vaccines.
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Background@#New-generation adjuvants for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccines can improve the efficacy of existing vaccines. Chinese medicinal herb polysaccharide possesses better promoting effects. @*Objectives@#In this study, the aqueous extract from Artemisia rupestris L. (AEAR), an immunoregulatory crude polysaccharide, was utilized as the adjuvant of inactivated FMDV vaccine to explore their immune regulation roles. @*Methods@#The mice in each group were subcutaneously injected with different vaccine formulations containing inactivated FMDV antigen adjuvanted with three doses (low, medium, and high) of AEAR or AEAR with ISA-206 adjuvant for 2 times respectively in 1 and 14 days. The variations of antibody level, lymphocyte count, and cytokine secretion in 14 to 42 days after first vaccination were monitored. Then cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response and antibody duration were measured after the second vaccination. @*Results@#AEAR significantly induced FMDV-specific antibody titers and lymphocyte activation. AEAR at a medium dose stimulated Th1/Th2-type response through interleukin-4 and interferon-γ secreted by CD4+ T cells. Effective T lymphocyte counts were significantly elevated by AEAR. Importantly, the efficient CTL response was remarkably provoked by AEAR. Furthermore, AEAR at a low dose and ISA-206 adjuvant also synergistically promoted immune responses more significantly in immunized mice than those injected with only ISA-206 adjuvant and the stable antibody duration without body weight loss was 6 months. @*Conclusions@#These findings suggested that AEAR had potential utility as a polysaccharide adjuvant for FMDV vaccines.
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Biodiesel is an alternative fuel to addressing the energy shortage problem. Microbial lipids have attracted widespread attention as one of the potential feed-stocks for cost-effective and efficient biodiesel production. However, the large-scale production of microbial lipids is hampered by the complexity and the high cost of aseptic culturing approach. Metschnikowia pulcherrima is an oleaginous yeast with strong environmental adaptability. It is capable of utilizing a wide spectrum of substrates, and can be cultured under non-sterile conditions. Therefore, this yeast has great potential to replace the traditional oleaginous microorganisms, particularly in the area of recycling wastewater and solid waste for the production of biodiesel. Based on the analysis of lipid production and application conditions of M. pulcherrima, this review summarized the unique advantages of M. pulcherrima and the key factors affecting lipids production. We further discussed the feasibility of cultivating M. pulcherrima on various organic wastes under non-sterile conditions for lipids production. Moreover, we analyzed the challenges associated with M. pulcherrima's in the yield and mechanism for lipids production, and proposed perspectives for how to achieve efficient biodiesel production using this yeast.
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Biofuels , Candida , Lipids , Metschnikowia , YeastsABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effect of polarized bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) transplantation on the progression of CCl 4 -induced liver fibrosis in rats. Methods Rat BMDMs were isolated and induced to differentiate into M1 phenotype (M1-BMDM) by lipopolysaccharide (5 ng/mL) or M2 phenotype (M2-BMDM) by the supernatant of L929 cells. A rat model of liver fibrosis was established by subcutaneous injection of 30% CCl 4 for 6 weeks, and at week 7, the model rats were randomly divided into model control group (M group), M1-BMDM group, and M2-BMDM group and were given a single injection of normal saline, M1-BMDM, and M2-BMDM, respectively, via the caudal vein, and subcutaneous injection of 30% CCl 4 was given until the end of week 9. Related indices were observed, including liver function, liver histopathology, hydroxyproline (Hyp) content in liver tissue, hepatic stellate cell activation, liver fibrosis, and expression of inflammatory cytokines. The continuous data were expressed as mean±standard deviation; an analysis of variance was used for comparison between multiple groups, and the SNK- q test was used for further comparison between two groups. Results Compared with the M group, both M1-BMDM and M2-BMDM significantly inhibited liver inflammation and liver fibrosis progression and significantly reduced serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities ( P < 0.01) and Hyp content in liver tissue ( P < 0.05). M1-BMDM and M2-BMDM significantly inhibited the activation of hepatic stellate cells and significantly reduced the mRNA expression levels of TGF-β, Col1A1, and Col4 (all P < 0.05). Both M1-BMDM and M2-BMDM significantly increased the expression level of CD163 protein in liver tissue ( P < 0.01), and the M2-BMDM group had a significantly higher level than the M1-BMDM group ( P < 0.05); both M1-BMDM and M2-BMDM significantly reduced the mRNA expression levels of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 in liver tissue ( P < 0.05) and significantly increased the mRNA expression level of MMP-13 ( P < 0.01); in addition, M2-BMDM significantly reduced the expression level of CD68 protein in liver tissue ( P < 0.01). Both M1-BMDM and M2-BMDM significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and IL-10 and the protein expression level of albumin in liver tissue (all P < 0.05), and the above indices in the M2-BMDM group were significantly higher than those in the M1-BMDM group (all P < 0.05). Conclusion Both M1-BMDM and M2-BMDM can effectively inhibit the progression of CCl 4 -induced liver fibrosis in rats, possibly by inhibiting the activation of hepatic stellate cells and promoting the activation of anti-inflammatory macrophages. Moreover, M2-BMDM can also inhibit the activation of pro-inflammatory macrophages and thus has a better comprehensive intervention effect than M1-BMDM.
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Background@#New-generation adjuvants for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccines can improve the efficacy of existing vaccines. Chinese medicinal herb polysaccharide possesses better promoting effects. @*Objectives@#In this study, the aqueous extract from Artemisia rupestris L. (AEAR), an immunoregulatory crude polysaccharide, was utilized as the adjuvant of inactivated FMDV vaccine to explore their immune regulation roles. @*Methods@#The mice in each group were subcutaneously injected with different vaccine formulations containing inactivated FMDV antigen adjuvanted with three doses (low, medium, and high) of AEAR or AEAR with ISA-206 adjuvant for 2 times respectively in 1 and 14 days. The variations of antibody level, lymphocyte count, and cytokine secretion in 14 to 42 days after first vaccination were monitored. Then cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response and antibody duration were measured after the second vaccination. @*Results@#AEAR significantly induced FMDV-specific antibody titers and lymphocyte activation. AEAR at a medium dose stimulated Th1/Th2-type response through interleukin-4 and interferon-γ secreted by CD4+ T cells. Effective T lymphocyte counts were significantly elevated by AEAR. Importantly, the efficient CTL response was remarkably provoked by AEAR. Furthermore, AEAR at a low dose and ISA-206 adjuvant also synergistically promoted immune responses more significantly in immunized mice than those injected with only ISA-206 adjuvant and the stable antibody duration without body weight loss was 6 months. @*Conclusions@#These findings suggested that AEAR had potential utility as a polysaccharide adjuvant for FMDV vaccines.
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Objective:To explore the immunomodulatory activity of ethanol extract of cultivated Cistanche deserticola (EECCD) in Xinjiang. Methods:Ovalbumin (OVA) was used antigen, ICR mice were divided into 9 g/L NaCl group (blank control group), EECCD group (1 200 μg EECCD), OVA group (10 μg OVA), low-dose EECCD/OVA group (400 μg EECCD+10 μg OVA), medium-dose EECCD/OVA group (800 μg EECCD+10 μg OVA), high-dose EECCD/OVA group (1 200 μg EECCD+10 μg OVA) and aluminum adjuvant (Alum)/OVA group (200 μg Alum+10 μg OVA). Mice were immunized subcutaneously, and the immunization was strengthened once 14 days after the initial immunization. The level of splenocyte proliferation was determined by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method, and interferon γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in CD4 + T cell, dendritic cells (DCs) surface markers and CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 + Treg were evaluated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Results:Three dose of EECCD can enhance OVA-specific IgG titers in serum. The antibody titer in medium-dose EECCD/OVA group was 250 000, which was the same as that in the Alum/OVA group. The medium-dose EECCD/OVA significantly improve IgG1 and IgG2a (both P<0.01). Therefore, the medium dose EECCD was selected as the best dose. MTT results displayed that splenocyte proliferation were significantly stimulated by medium-dose EECCD/OVA ( P<0.05), and the levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ in CD4 + T cells were promoted in groups administered with medium-dose EECCD/OVA (both P<0.01). Furthermore, medium-dose EECCD/OVA significantly up-regulated the levels of CD40, CD80, CD86 and major histocompatibility complex class Ⅱ (MHCⅡ) on DCs and down-regulated the frequency of CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 + Treg (all P<0.05). Conclusions:EECCD has good immunomodulatory activity, can promote Th1-biased response, and has the therapeutic potential for the prevention of diseases.
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Objective@#To understand aggressive behavior associated factors among middle school students in Macao, so as to provide a reference for preventing and reducing aggression behavior in school.@*Methods@#From September to December 2018, a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey among 2 681 middle school students in Macao, China, and an aggressive behavior survey scale was used to evaluate the aggression behavior of middle school students.@*Results@#The average total score of aggressive behavior in Macao middle school students was (36.18±17.62), of which the average score of proactive aggression was (20.00±9.19), the average score of active aggression was (16.18±9.15), and the score of active aggression was higher than that of proactive aggression(t=39.01, P<0.01). Univariate analysis showed that the scores of aggressive behavior of junior high school students were higher than those of high school students (t=5.95, P<0.01), and middle school students with good academic performance had lower scores than those with poor academic performance (F=9.12, P<0.01)， and students whose mothers did not work had higher aggressive scores than mothers had jobs (t=2.40, P<0.05). Multivariate linear regression showed that the frequency of skipping classes in the past month had a significant effect on the aggressive behavior of middle school students (t=6.27, P<0.01), the experience of substance abuse, especially the frequency of drinking (t=5.77) and drug use (t=2.90) in the past month was the influencing factor of students’ aggressive behavior, and the victimized experience such as being stolen (t=4.98), being beaten (t=2.87) and being snatched by force (t=-2.62) was also an important predictor of aggression behavior of middle school students, and the difference is statistically significant(P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#The skipping class, substance abuse and victimized experience are risk factors for middle school students’ aggressive behavior. It is necessary to strengthen the prevention of aggressive behavior of middle school students.
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Metabolic reprogramming is the response of cells to environmental changes, such as cell activation, proliferation and differentiation, which involves changes in metabolism-related enzymes, metabolites and metabolic pathways. Sepsis-associated immune cells undergo metabolic reprogramming in response to inflammatory signals, which not only provides biological energy and biosynthesis requirements, but also determines cell fate and function in a highly specific way. In this paper, the changes in glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and other glucose metabolism pathways of macrophages, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils and other sepsis related immune cells are described, so as to provide feasibility for future research and metabolic therapy.
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Metabolic reprogramming is the response of cells to environmental changes, such as cell activation, proliferation and differentiation, which involves changes in metabolism-related enzymes, metabolites and metabolic pathways. Sepsis-associated immune cells undergo metabolic reprogramming in response to inflammatory signals, which not only provides biological energy and biosynthesis requirements, but also determines cell fate and function in a highly specific way. In this paper, the changes in glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and other glucose metabolism pathways of macrophages, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils and other sepsis related immune cells are described, so as to provide feasibility for future research and metabolic therapy.
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Objective To observe the clinical effect of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) characteristic lung rehabilitation in treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and TCM syndrome of lung and kidney qi deficiency at stable period. Methods Sixty patients with stable COPD and lung and kidney qi deficiency syndrome admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine from June to August 2017 were enrolled, and they were divided into routine treatment group and lung rehabilitation treatment group according to the random number table method, each group 30 cases. The routine treatment group was given Seretide (serevent/futicasone) dry powderi nhalation therapy; on the basis of therapy in the routine treatment group, the lung rehabilitation treatment group was treated with TCM characteristic lung rehabilitation technology (acupoint application + Chinese medicine ionic induction + oral administration of Chinese medicine Liuweibuqi granules, delivery at appropriate intervals); both groups were treated for 2 months. The changes of TCM syndrome score, western medicine symptom score, the times of acute exacerbation of COPD, COPD assessment test (CAT) score, lung function indexes: forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) were observed before and after treatment in two groups. Results After treatment, TCM syndrome score, western medicine symptom score, CAT score, and after treatment the times of acute exacerbation of COPD in both groups were significantly lower than those before treatment, and the above indexes in the lung rehabilitation treatment group were markedly lower than those in routine treatment group [TCM syndrome score:11.93±1.80 vs. 14.27±2.88, western medicine symptom score: 14.20±2.75 vs. 11.93±4.23, CAT score: 14.87±2.60 vs. 16.23±4.39, the times of acute exacerbation of COPD (times): 0.63±0.49 vs. 0.95±0.83, all P < 0.05]. The improvement of FEV1 in the two groups was not significant; but FEV1/FVC in lung rehabilitation treatment group was obviously higher than that before treatment, FEV1/FVC in lung rehabilitation treatment group was significantly higher than that in the routine treatment group [(57.93±7.27)% vs. (52.49±6.61)%, P < 0.05]. Conclusion The application of TCM characteristic lung rehabilitation in the treatment of COPD patients with stable lung and kidney qi deficiency syndrome based on bronchodilators and glucocorticoids can reduce the number of acute exacerbation, improve the patients' clinical symptoms and living quality, but the improvement of lung function is not significant.
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Objective: To study the therapeutic effect of triptorelin acetate combined with psychological intervention on the chil-dren with idiopathic central precocious puberty. Methods: Totally 40 cases of central precocious puberty were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group with 20 ones in each. The control group was injected with triptorelin acetate, once every 28 d; the observation group was given psychological intervention on the basis of the control group, once every 28 d. The emotional stabili-ty, depressive psychology, treatment compliance, height, body weight, growth rate, bone age ( BA) and adult height ( PAH) of the two groups before and after one-year treatment were observed and compared. Results: After the one-year treatment, the scores of emo-tional stability and depressive psychological HAMD in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0. 05), and the medication compliance was significantly higher in the observation group than that in the control group (P<0. 05). The growth rate and adult height of the children in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0. 05). Conclusion: Triptorelin acetate combined with psychological intervention in the treatment of children with idiopathic central precocious puberty can relieve depression, stabilize mood and improve medication compliance, and also effectively improve the growth rate and adult prediction height of the children.
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The clinical,molecular and pathological features of pediatric differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC),and the advances in its surgery,postoperative staging,risk stratification,131I treatment were summarized based on the management Guidelines for children with thyroid nodules and DTC from the American Thyroid Association (ATA)
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Objective To explore the value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT for therapeutic assessment in patients with bone metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) after 131I treatment.Methods Between January 2006 and August 2017,35 DTC patients (11 males,24 females,median age 60 years) with bone metastases who were treated with 131I and underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT scan were retrospectively analyzed.Therapeutic response assessment was based on morphological changes or the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) changes of bone metastases,and the agreement (Cohen's Kappa coefficient) between two methods was analyzed.The progression-free survival (PFS) was estimated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and compared among patients with different treatment response (log-rank test).Results Morphological changes were consistent with SUVmax changes in 82.1％(23/28) of patients with positive 18F-FDG uptake (Kappa=0.731,95％ CI:0.628-0.834,P＜0.01).Five patients had stable disease according to morphological assessment,while 18F-FDG PET indicated they had metabolic response or disease progression.The serum thyroglobulin (Tg) levels confirmed the accuracy of 18F-FDG PET in 3 of those 5 patients.Compared with the patients with metabolically or morphologically progressive disease,patients who showed metabolically or morphologically stable disease or complete/partial response had significantly favorable prognosis (x2 values:4.132-6.543,all P＜0.05).Conclusions The therapeutic response based on metabolic criteria is in agree with that based on morphological criteria in most of the DTC patients with bone metastases.The SUV may act as a sensitive and efficient indicator of early therapeutic response or disease progression of bone metastases in DTC patients with positive 18F-FDG uptake.
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Objective To investigate the effect of postoperative TSH suppression on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women with DTC.Methods Postmenopausal women with postoperative DTC underwent thyroid residual ablation or 131I treatment for metastases at Xin Hua Hospital between September 2009 and December 2014 were enrolled and followed for 2 years.They were divided into suppressive TSH group (median TSH＜0.30 mU/L;group 1) and non-suppressive group (median TSH≥0.30 mU/L;group 2).Lumber 1-4 BMD levels (T scores) were measured by a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry bone densitometer at baseline,1 year and 2 years after treatment.All patients had calcium and vitamin D supplementation after TSH suppression.The T scores were compared with Mann-Whitney u test and Kruskal-Wallis test.Results A total of 126 patients were enrolled and followed up for 2 years,including 65 with average age (57.65±6.65) years in group 1 and 61 with average age (56.19±7.17) years in group 2.The T scores in group 1 and group 2 at baseline were-1.70(-2.30,-0.55) and-1.30(-2.10,-0.30) (z=-1.660,P＞ 0.05).The difference of T scores was significant in group 1 at baseline,1-year follow-up and 2-year follow-up (-2.25(-2.48,-0.83),-1.95(-2.70,-0.60);H=6.244,P＜0.05),but not significantly different in group 2 (H=1.102,P＞0.05).The T values were different between the 2 groups both in 1-year follow-up and 2-year follow-up (z values:-2.170,-2.160,both P＜0.05).Conclusions TSH suppression significantly increases the risk of postoperative osteoporosis.The BMD should be followed up annually in postmenopausal DTC patients.
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As a type of neuroendocrine tumors, neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extra-cranial solid tumor of childhood.123/131I-MIBG scintigraphy is a standard imaging modality in staging and evaluating therapeutic effect of pediatric NB with high accuracy.131I-MIBG treatment is effective for children with high-risk and relapsed/refractory NB.Combined with chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, 131I-MIBG treatment shows efficacy in decreasing the relapse of pediatric NB.This review summarizes the application of MIBG scintigraphy and 131I-MIBG treatment for pediatric NB.
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Objective To investigate the effects of fluoride at different concentrations on proliferation and apoptosis of primary rat ameloblast in vitro.Methods Ameloblasts were isolated from tooth germ of 4 days SD rat maxillomandibular molar and cultured in vitro.Cells were treated with NaF at 0.0 (control group),0.4,0.8,1.6,3.2 and 6.4 mmol/L for 24,48 and 72 h,respectively.Inverted microscope was used to observe cell morphology;immunochemistry method was used to identify ameloblasts;3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was applied to measure cell viability at each time point.The cells were treated with 1.6 mmol/L NaF for 24 and 48 h,or after 50 mol/L caspase pan-inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK pretreatment 1 h,1.6 mmol/L NaF treatment for 48 h.Cell apoptosis was then tested by flow cytometry.In addition,activation of caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were assessed by Western blotting to explore potential involvement of caspase activation in NaF-induced apoptosis.All data analysis was performed using SigmaStat V 3.5 software.Results ①Primary rat ameloblasts were in polygonal shape at low density and appeared like paving stone at high density with obvious nucleus,showing typical morphological characteristics of cells with epithelial origin.②The results of immunochemistry assay indicated that the cultured cells were positive in cytokeratin 14 (CK14) and ameloblastin (AMBN) staining,in accordance with the immunocytochemical characteristics of ameloblasts.③The effects of NaF on ameloblast proliferation were in a dose-and time-dependent manner.For low dose NaF (0.4 and 0.8 mmol/L) groups,cells treated for 24 h had significantly higher cell proliferation rates than that of the control group (0.0 mmol/L,P ＜0.05),the proliferation indexes for 0.0,0.4 and 0.8 mmol/L groups were 1.00 ± 0.00,1.38 ± 0.11 and 1.29 ± 0.13,respectively;the same doses of NaF had no obvious influence on cell proliferation at 48 h (1.00 ± 0.00,1.16 ± 0.14 and 0.94 ± 0.07,P ＞ 0.05);cell proliferation indexes at 72 h were significantly lower than that of the control group (0.87 ± 0.03 and 0.80 ± 0.04,P ＜ 0.05).Medium dose of NaF (1.6 mmol/L) did not cause obvious alterations in cell proliferation at 24 h (0.90 ± 0.08,P ＞ 0.05);while cell proliferation indexes at 48 and 72 h were obviously reduced than that of the control group (0.38 ± 0.03 and 0.26 ± 0.04,P ＜ 0.01).For high NaF concentration (3.2 and 6.4 mmo]/L) groups,cell proliferation indexes were significantly decreased at all time points compared with control cells,the rates for 3.2 mmol/L groups were 0.57 ± 0.14,0.08 ± 0.03 and 0.00 ± 0.00,respectively,and the rates for 6.4 mmol/L groups were 0.11 ± 0.04,0.00 ± 0.00 and 0.00 ± 0.00,respectively (P ＜ 0.01).④Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis.The results showed that treatment with 1.6 mmol/L NaF resulted in significantly increased apoptosis in ameloblasts at both 24 h [(5.80 ± 2.03)％] and 48 h [(17.45 ± 4.97)％] compared to the control group [(2.59 ± 0.95)％,P ＜ 0.05].In cells pre-treated with pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK,NaF-induced apoptosis was significantly lower than that of cells treated with only 1.6 mmol/L NaF [(9.43 ± 3.79)％ vs (18.26 ± 3.39)％,P ＜ 0.05].⑤Cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP was detected in ameloblasts treated with 1.6 mmol/L NaF for 48 h.Conclusion Overdose fluoride could inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis via activation of caspase cascade in primary cultured rat ameloblasts.